Lab Manager | Run Your Lab Like a Business

News

New Technique Reveals Powerful, "Patchy" Approach to Nanoparticle Synthesis

Scientists use 3D visualization to map striking and transformative nanoscale surface structures

by Brookhaven National Laboratory
Register for free to listen to this article
Listen with Speechify
0:00
5:00

gold nanosphere ringed by polymer patchesThis electron tomography rendering reveals a gold nanosphere ringed by polymer patches visible as semi-transparent lumps. Capturing both the dense gold core and the subtle patch patterns presented a great challenge that leveraged both expertise and instrumentation at Brookhaven Lab's Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN).Image courtesy of Brookhaven National LaboratoryPatches of chain-like molecules placed across nanoscale particles can radically transform the optical, electronic, and magnetic properties of particle-based materials. Understanding why depends critically on the three-dimensional features of these “polymer nano-patches”—which are tantalizingly difficult to reveal at a scale spanning just billionths of a meter. 

Now, scientists have used cutting-edge electron tomography techniques—a process of 3D reconstructive imaging—to pinpoint the structure and composition of the polymer nano-patches. The results, published earlier last month in the journal Nature, “lay the foundation for new nanoscale architectures that could potentially enhance technologies such as self-assembled solar cells and catalysts," said lead author Eugenia Kumacheva of the University of Toronto.

Related Article: Engineered “Sand” May Help Cool Electronic Devices

The scientists tracked the patches formed by different synthetic polymers—versatile and common compounds used in everything from plastics to electronics—on the surface of gold nanospheres thousands of times smaller than the width of a single human hair. To visualize the elusive surface structures, Kumacheva and her team turned to cutting-edge facilities at the Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN), a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility at DOE’s Brookhaven National Laboratory.

Get training in Risk Assessing and Characterizing and earn CEUs.One of over 25 IACET-accredited courses in the Academy.
Risk Assessing and Characterizing Course

This full 3D rendering of a nanoparticle showcases the unprecedented details revealed in the polymer patches—here falsely colored to emphasize their shape and placement on the nanosphere core. The three patches are common polymerized polystyrene. Video courtesy of Brookhaven National Laboratory

"We wanted to probe these nanoparticles from every angle and capture each three-dimensional feature," said study coauthor Huolin Xin, the Brookhaven Lab CFN scientist who led the visualization efforts. "We deployed a technique called low-dose transmission electron tomography to generate this unprecedented, nanoscale insight."

The data revealed that variations in polymer length, and the size and shape of the gold nanoparticles, dictated the resultant structures. For example, some patches formed in large clumps on nanospheres while others formed around the corners of differently shaped nanoparticles.

Related Article: Discovery of Gold Nanocluster "Double" Hints at Other Shape-Changing Particles

Figuring out how to manipulate these patches gives scientists a new precision tool for manufacturing at the nanoscale.

"We set the right conditions and our desired nanoparticles manufacture themselves into these intricate structures," said coauthor Oleg Gang, a CFN physicist and professor at Columbia University. "The interactions between polymer chains, solvents, and the high curvature of the nanoparticles drives self-assembly, or the automatic organization of the patches.”

As an example, Kumacheva’s team attached polymers including common polystyrene, a type of plastic, uniformly across the surface of gold spheres ranging from 20 to 80 nanometers in diameter. They mixed these particles in solutions with different solvents that caused the polymers to interact and automatically form distinct patches.

"Imagine a dog's fur coat just when it comes out of the water," Gang offered. "Based on the length and thickness of the hair, or the shape of the dog's body, it will clump in very different ways. Our polymer morphologies are a bit like that, where you have a huge range of 'breeds' that emerge when wet. The key difference, beyond the scale, is that the patch patterns change the structural properties of the nanoparticles."

Revealing the nanoscale patches

To control the patches and perfect their chemical recipes, the scientists needed to catch every detail of these subtle patterns. 

In electron tomography, electrons from a transmission electron microscope (TEM) bombard specific areas of the atomic structure of a given sample. Some electrons pass straight through while others scatter. Detectors then track the electrons’ paths and reveal the details of their journey. Scientists use the data to assemble 3D models of the particles’ structure and composition.

This is already painstakingly precise work, but the patchy particles presented a unique challenge.

Related Article: Tiny Diamonds Could Enable Huge Advances in Nanotechnology

"The gold cores of the nanoparticles are dense with electrons, so they’re easily tracked by the microscope—not so with the polymer patches," Xin said. "What’s more challenging is that the polymer can be easily blasted and damaged by the intense electron beam. So we had to tweak the illumination and exposure, so to speak, tuning the TEM beam to catch even the low-contrast surface with the lowest electron dosage possible."

3D rendering of a nanoparticle This full 3D rendering of a nanoparticle showcases the unprecedented details revealed in the polymer patches—here falsely colored to emphasize their shape and placement on the nanosphere core. The three patches are common polymerized polystyrene.Image courtesy of Brookhaven National LaboratoryCFN houses a low-intensity TEM that caters specifically to these kinds of experiments where imaging without causing damage is essential.

"We brought this project to the CFN not only to take advantage of this excellent instrument, but also to collaborate with their in-house experts," Kumacheva said. "This work confirms our theoretical models and predictions, which is truly exciting."

The 3D imaging revealed otherwise imperceptible ridge-like structures dictated by the interaction of the polymers with the nanospheres. Directing and visualizing such detailed design was a fundamental accomplishment. It remains to be seen how such controlled synthesis could be put to use.

"This is foundational work that lets us begin testing and tailoring these customizable nanoparticles," Kumacheva said.

Other collaborating institutes include the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Saint Petersburg National University of Informational Technologies, and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

This research was supported by the Connaught Foundation and the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Government of the Russian Federation, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. The work at Brookhaven Lab’s CFN was funded by the U.S. DOE Office of Science.