The history of chromatography dates back to the mid-19th century

The annual energy usage in a typical U.S. life science laboratory has recently been estimated at 4.54 GJ/m2/year,1 almost three times the energy usage of a medium intensity commercial building (1.79 GJ/m2/year).

Mass spectrometers, one of the principal instruments for investigating chemical composition, operate by separating ions according to their mass/charge ratio by transmitting them through a magnetic and electrical field.

Although the principles of clean room design go back more than 150 years to the beginning of bacterial control in hospitals, the clean room itself is a relatively modern development.

This Mind Map outlines some thought processes designed to help identify potential performance-enhancing changes.

Tracing the origins of the laboratory incubator and looking ahead to future advances.

Tracing the origins of lab refrigerators and freezers and looking ahead to future advances.

Laboratory vacuum pumps are one of the most ubiquitous pieces of laboratory equipment, and also one of the most difficult to choose.

Tracing the origins of the pH meter and looking ahead to future advances.

Using a MIND MAP to provide mental prompts when running specific HPLC processes can be more effective and efficient.

If one studies the evolution of the laboratory pump over the past 25 years, it becomes apparent that this is an area of significant innovation, with important developments in high vacuum technology, corrosion resistance, vacuum control, and improvements in the efficiency and ecological impact of vacuum pumps.