Laboratories present unique ergonomic challenges due to the repetitive and precise nature of many tasks. Common risks include repetitive motion injuries from tasks such as pipetting or typing, awkward postures when using microscopes or working at biosafety cabinets, and static loading during prolonged use of specialized equipment. These ergonomic hazards can result in musculoskeletal disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, and chronic neck or back pain. For instance, researchers who spend extended hours at improperly adjusted workstations may experience wrist strain, while those handling heavy centrifuge rotors are at risk of back injuries.

Understanding and addressing ergonomic hazards in the laboratory is critical for mitigating these risks. By implementing proper ergonomic practices and equipment, laboratories can improve employee comfort, productivity, and job satisfaction, while significantly reducing occupational injuries and associated costs.

Common Ergonomic Hazards in the Laboratory

Repetitive Motion Injuries

Repetitive motion injuries occur over time when muscles and joints are stressed, tendons become inflamed, and nerves are pinched, restricting blood flow. Tasks like pipetting, working at microscopes, and using cell counters or video display terminals are common culprits.

Awkward Postures

Standing for extended periods in awkward positions, such as when working in laboratory hoods or biosafety cabinets, can strain the back, neck, and shoulders. Poorly designed workstations exacerbate these issues.

Static Loading

Tasks requiring static holding of equipment or sustained postures lead to muscle fatigue and discomfort. This is often seen in microscope work or glove box operations.

Repetitive Pipetting

Repetitive pipetting is a leading cause of ergonomic hazards in the laboratory due to the repetitive thumb movements, awkward hand postures, and prolonged use of fine motor skills required. These risks can lead to repetitive strain injuries, including carpal tunnel syndrome and tendonitis.

• Use pipettes with low-force trigger mechanisms to reduce thumb strain.
• Opt for shorter pipettes to decrease hand elevation and avoid awkward postures.
• Rotate pipetting tasks among team members and alternate hands to reduce repetitive strain.
• Take 3-5 minute micro-breaks every 20-30 minutes to stretch and relax hand muscles.
• Use adjustable stools or chairs and anti-fatigue mats for prolonged standing.

Computer Workstations

Ergonomic risks associated with computer workstations include wrist strain, neck pain, and back discomfort due to prolonged sitting and improper positioning of monitors and input devices. Poor posture and static positions can exacerbate these issues, leading to chronic musculoskeletal disorders.

• Install adjustable keyboard platforms under lab benches that accommodate the use of the mouse beside the keyboard.
• Position computer monitors at eye level, 18-30 inches away from the user.
• Provide fully adjustable chairs and footrests to accommodate different body types.
• Place monitors so the user’s viewing distance is between 18 and 30 inches.
• Place the monitor so the top of the screen is approximately eye level, allowing the eyes to naturally gravitate toward the center of the screen.
• Use a document holder placed adjacent to and in the same plane as the computer screen.
• Provide footrests, where possible, for individuals to change leg positions throughout the day.
• Provide a choice of keyboards and mouse or other input devices for individuals with existing musculoskeletal problems.
• Encourage mini-breaks of 3 to 5 minutes for every 20-30 minutes of keyboarding or mouse work. These breaks can include mild hand exercises or stretches.
• Laboratory personnel should not go from keyboarding to pipetting activities (or vice versa) without an adequate break (at least 15 minutes) to allow the hands to recover.

Microscopy

Microscopy tasks involve sustained static postures, forward neck flexion, and repetitive hand movements. These risks contribute to neck and upper back pain, eye strain, and general fatigue, especially during prolonged use.

• Design microscope workstations with adjustable chairs, work surfaces, and equipment to fit a range of body sizes.
• Don’t use a microscope for more than 5 hours per day. Spread the use out over the entire workday, avoiding long uninterrupted periods of microscope work.
• Try pulling the microscope toward the edge of the work surface to position the operator in a more upright posture.
• Use a cut-out work table. This puts you close to the scope and gives an area for supporting forearms.
• If possible, try elevating the microscope or placing it at an angle so you can look directly into the eyepiece. This can help position the operator in a more upright posture and reduce rounding of the shoulders and neck.
• Use an ergonomically designed chair that provides adequate back support, armrests, adjustable height, and adjustable seat angle.
• Make sure there is adequate room under the work surface so the operator can pull the chair up to the ocular(s).
• Provide footrests and discourage the use of foot rings on stools.
• Provide sit-stand seats for areas where there is restricted legroom.
• Encourage frequent breaks from microscopy work as well as stretching exercises.
• Use monitors where possible to eliminate the need for binocular eyepieces.

Biosafety Cabinets and Laboratory Workbenches

Prolonged work in biosafety cabinets and laboratory workbenches often leads to awkward postures, lack of legroom, and pressure on the forearms, resulting in strain on the lower back, shoulders, and wrists.

• Use ergonomic chairs with adjustable seat angles and height ranges of 28 to 33 inches.
• Apply foam padding to the edges of workbenches to reduce contact stress.
• Remove obstructions like drawers and refrigerators from under workbenches to improve legroom.
• Incorporate turntables and storage systems to minimize excessive reaching.

Microtome & Cryostat Work

Operating microtomes or cryostats requires repetitive wrist movements and awkward arm positions, leading to hand strain, wrist fatigue, and discomfort in the shoulders and upper back.

• Lower the workstation to keep arms closer to the body.
• Apply padding to the front edge of the work surface to eliminate sharp edges and increase the amount of blood flow to the hands.
• Retrofit the existing handle with an adapter that will allow the operator to use the handwheel in a pistol grip position. This will alleviate repetitive wrist flexion and extension.
• Consider the use of an automatic foot-operated cryostat when frequent cryosectioning is performed.
• Avoid placing utensils such as forceps inside the cryostat.
• Use an ergonomically designed chair.
• Take frequent mini-breaks. These breaks should be used to perform stretching exercises, especially the hands.

Flow Cytometers

Flow cytometers often require operators to bend or reach awkwardly, causing neck and back strain as well as shoulder fatigue. Extended use without ergonomic adjustments can lead to chronic discomfort.

• Raise the flow cytometer to avoid awkward bending and reaching.
• Use an adjustable table for better positioning.
• Provide an ergonomic chair for comfort during operation.

Glove Boxes

Working in glove boxes involves extended static loading on the shoulders and frequent overuse of grip strength due to the resistance of thick gloves. These factors contribute to shoulder fatigue and hand strain.

• Arrange materials in glove boxes efficiently to minimize reaching.
• Provide sit-stand seating to alleviate lower back stress.
• Encourage frequent breaks to relieve static loading on the shoulders.
• Use highly absorbent hand powder for glove comfort.

Centrifuges

Handling centrifuge rotors presents ergonomic risks due to their weight and awkward shape, often resulting in back strain, shoulder fatigue, and lifting injuries.

• Use a second person to assist with lifting heavy rotors.
• Transport rotors using a cart.
• Choose lightweight rotor designs where available.
• Consider implementing a pulley system to reduce lifting strain.

Overhead Lifting

Storing equipment on high shelves creates ergonomic hazards, including back and shoulder strain from overhead lifting, and the risk of injury from dropping heavy items.

• Store heavy objects below shoulder height.
• Use a stable footstool or stepladder to reach high shelves.
• Avoid twisting motions while lifting.
• Utilize rotating carousels for frequently accessed items.

Benefits of Laboratory Ergonomics

Investing in ergonomic solutions yields significant benefits, including:

1. Improved Productivity: Employees who are comfortable and free from physical strain can focus on their work, leading to greater efficiency and fewer errors. Ergonomically optimized tools and workspaces reduce fatigue and help maintain consistent performance throughout the workday.
2. Reduced Absenteeism: Ergonomic interventions prevent musculoskeletal disorders and repetitive strain injuries, which are common reasons for workplace absences. By addressing these issues proactively, laboratories can significantly reduce the number of sick days taken by staff.
3. Enhanced Job Satisfaction: A well-designed ergonomic workspace demonstrates a commitment to employee well-being. This not only boosts morale but also enhances retention rates, as employees feel valued and supported in their roles.
4. Lower Costs: Preventing workplace injuries lowers medical expenses, workers' compensation claims, and costs associated with replacing injured employees or managing reduced productivity. Long-term savings are achieved by reducing both direct and indirect costs associated with ergonomic hazards.

Benefits of Ergonomic Training in the Laboratory

Providing ergonomic training to laboratory personnel is a proactive approach to minimizing workplace injuries and promoting a culture of safety. Ergonomic training empowers employees to recognize and mitigate risk factors associated with repetitive tasks, awkward postures, and prolonged static positions. By understanding the principles of ergonomics, employees can:

1. Identify Risk Factors: Training helps individuals identify tasks and postures that may lead to musculoskeletal disorders, allowing them to take corrective actions.
2. Implement Best Practices: Employees learn techniques to adjust their workstations, utilize ergonomic tools, and adopt proper body mechanics.
3. Enhance Awareness: Regular training sessions keep ergonomic safety top of mind, reducing complacency and promoting ongoing vigilance.
4. Improve Communication: Training fosters an open dialogue about ergonomic challenges, encouraging collaboration between employees and management to address hazards.

For example, after receiving training, laboratory staff might become adept at adjusting microscope heights, choosing the correct pipette, or positioning monitors to avoid neck strain. This knowledge translates to reduced injury rates, improved productivity, and a healthier workforce.

Final Thoughts

By identifying and addressing ergonomic hazards, laboratories can create safer, more efficient work environments. Implementing solutions tailored to specific tasks—such as ergonomic pipetting techniques, adjustable workstations, and proper equipment maintenance—not only improves employee well-being but also enhances the overall performance of the laboratory.

Taking proactive steps in laboratory ergonomics is an investment in both employee health and organizational success.