Men and women experience essentially the same amount of verbal abuse in the workplace, according to a new study.ThinkstockVerbal abuse is the most common form of workplace violence. It can lead to many consequences, particularly at the psychological and organizational levels. Several studies underline the importance of taking into account sociodemographic variables such as victims' sex to better understand the phenomenon. However, the results are often contradictory and offer no conclusions as to the greater prevalence of verbal abuse in one gender or the other.

The objective of Stéphane Guay, lead author of the study, was to identify and summarize all previous research on verbal abuse in the workplace that took into account victims' sex in the analyses. After a rigorous selection process, 29 of the 90 identified studies were considered, most of which (24) were carried out in the health sector.

The results demonstrate that the majority of studies (15 of 29) reported no significant difference in the prevalence between men and women. This lack of difference can be explained by the fact the studies were conducted in the health sector. Men conform to a female-dominated environment by adopting certain behaviours that the literature considers stereotypically feminine. For example, they use more often communication techniques and have a less aggressive approach to defusing violent situations compared to men in other sectors.

Among the studies that show significant differences, a majority conclude that men are more at risk (11 studies) than women (5 studies). One explanation is that "in a female-dominated workplace, men are expected to adopt a protective attitude towards women, which makes them more vulnerable," suggests Guay, director of the Trauma Studies Centre of the Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal.

The other explanation is related to the fact that it is more socially acceptable to be aggressive vis-à-vis the "stronger sex," considered as able to defend itself, than towards women, considered to be more vulnerable. This is all the more true because the majority of perpetrators are male.

Finally, the third explanation stems from the fact that research shows that men tend to be more verbally aggressive when provoked, while women tend to negotiate more.

However, certain methodological limitations of these studies prevent definitive conclusions. Indeed, the sectoral categories are too broad, and studies that target some professions are still too few. Other factors are singled out by the researchers, including a lack of a clear definition of verbal abuse, or the fact that social acceptance of violence against women depends on the cultural context.

About the study

The study was conducted by Stéphane Guay and colleagues of the VISAGE team at the Trauma Studies Centre of the Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal. Stéphane Guay is a professor at the Université de Montréal's School of Criminology and affiliated with the university's Department of Psychiatry. The study was funded by an operating grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) ("Improving care for victims of severe violence in the workplace"). The University of Montreal is officially known as Université de Montréal.

Guay, S., Goncalves, J. & Jarvis, J. (2014). Verbal violence in the workplace according to victims' sex – a systematic review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 572-578, doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2014.08.001.