Learning to use evaporation starts very early in chemistry. For students, the process takes a very simple
 approach, maybe just putting a solution in a beaker over a flame and waiting. That technique, though,
 doesn’t provide the sophistication, control, or throughput that advanced techniques require. Consequently, scientists can use dedicated evaporators.

Microplate handlers are the robotic “glue” that unifies operations around a microplate workflow. The
 evolution of robotics and software has caused a “democratization” of lab automation in general, and microplate handlers in particular.

When preparing a sample for analysis that requires high temperature and pressure in an acidic environment, a scientist selects microwave digestion for the process. This attracts scientists from an extraordinarily large range.

Total organic carbon (TOC) analyzers present a rapid, efficient measure of the carbon contamination content of public drinking water and ultrapure water for lab operations.

Most HPLC analyses employ some form of sample preparation, especially with low-concentration analytes in complex mixtures.

Refractometry is thought to be a limited analytical technique that works best with binary solutions—for example, salt or sugar solutions—where it excels at precise concentration measurements.

Controlling the environment and the operation determines much of the accuracy

Controlling the environment and the operation determines much of the accuracy

Users decide between dedicated and multipurpose systems

Almost every piece of equipment—from a computer to an oscilloscope and beyond—uses a power supply. Scientists expect power supplies to keep going and going. Luckily, most of them do. Those power plants inside devices, though, come in a wide assortment.